
High-density data centers are transforming how AI capabilities are utilized, yet they face the challenge of heat generation. Traditional air-cooling systems are inadequate for managing the significant heat produced by powerful GPU racks. To effectively cool these setups, organizations are turning to liquid cooling systems—though adopting this technology can raise concerns among CFOs and board members.
The core of the issue lies in the higher initial costs associated with liquid cooling compared to conventional air systems. Moreover, the water consumption of large data centers, which can reach millions of gallons daily, raises environmental concerns. The historical effort to keep liquid out of server areas—considered risky—further complicates the conversation about liquid cooling systems.
To combat these concerns, facility management teams must present a solid business case. This includes demonstrating the essential nature of liquid cooling and detailing best design practices.
Establishing the Need for Liquid Cooling
Many assume that AI workloads can be efficiently accommodated in traditional data center structures. However, air cooling falters when power density surpasses 15-20 kW per rack, whereas liquid cooling systems exhibit 15-25 times the thermal conductivity of air.
For high-density data centers to operate effectively, a robust liquid cooling solution is necessary. These solutions may include concepts such as:
- Direct-to-chip cooling, which uses a heat sink to directly remove heat from IT equipment.
- Rear-door heat exchangers, which capture hot air from equipment before it enters the main space and transfer the heat to water.
- Immersion cooling, where IT systems are submerged in non-conductive liquid to absorb heat.
All designs must be aligned with GPU infrastructure to ensure optimal cooling performance. Early planning is critical to identify possible challenges, such as existing chilled water capacity.
The True Cost of Data Center Liquid Cooling
Focusing solely on capital expenditure (CapEx) overlooks the operational savings (OpEx) that liquid cooling can provide, potentially recouping initial investments within two years. Liquid cooling systems require significantly less energy to operate compared to traditional fan-based methods because they target cooling specifically where heat is generated. Consequently, each degree of increased room temperature yields 1-2% energy savings.
If multiple liquid cooling systems are needed, standardizing the design across various facilities can save costs and reduce deployment complexities while ensuring performance consistency.
Uncovering Opportunities for Simplification
Liquid cooling systems can be seamlessly integrated into existing operations. Partnering with experts who specialize in liquid cooling technology can simplify the process—from assessing facilities to planning tailored systems and sourcing necessary components. These partners can also handle logistical tasks, such as managing pre-purchased components to prevent damage or theft.
Additionally, the operational data from these systems can be meshed with building management or automation systems, allowing for straightforward monitoring and maintenance by facility operations teams.
Warming Up to Liquid Cooling
By clearly articulating the necessity of liquid cooling and highlighting both the savings and efficiency it offers, data center teams can build a persuasive case. This strategy not only ensures the longevity of high-performance, energy-intensive GPU racks but also leverages the best technology available to keep operations efficient and effective.
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