These commands can help verify connection speeds, analyze delays, and test the reachability of other systems on Linux. Here’s an overview of several useful commands:

ping

The ping command is commonly used for basic connectivity testing. It sends “echo requests” which prompt responses. The command measures the response time and reports the percentage of requests that received replies. Response times can vary based on how many routers the signals cross and network congestion.

Example:

$ ping 192.168.0.11PING 192.168.0.11 (192.168.0.11) 56(84) bytes of data.64 bytes from 192.168.0.11: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=4.36 ms...--- 192.168.0.11 ping statistics ---3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003ms

For remote connections, the response will take longer, and a 0% packet loss is ideal.

traceroute

The traceroute command tracks the path data takes to reach another host, measuring the time taken at each hop. It can reveal network congestion at specific routers through a timeout or asterisks if a packet fails to receive a response.

Example:

$ traceroute www.amazon.comtraceroute to www.amazon.com (99.84.218.165), 30 hops max 1  router (192.168.0.1)  1.586 ms 2  10.226.32.1 (10.226.32.1)  27.342 ms...

mtr

The mtr command is a combination of ping and traceroute, reporting on packet loss and latency between hops in real-time.

Example:

$ mtr 192.168.0.1Packets               PingsHost                  Loss%   Snt   Last   Avg  Best  Wrst StDev1. _gateway           0.0%    13    3.3   3.5   3.0   7.1   1.1

ncat

The ncat utility verifies the availability of services on particular ports without needing to execute remote commands.

Example:

$ nc -z -v 192.168.0.11 22Ncat: Connected to 192.168.0.11:22.

speedtest

The speedtest command checks your internet speed, typically highlighting differences between upload and download speeds.

Example:

$ speedtestSpeedtest by OoklaDownload: 10.34 MbpsUpload: 1.00 Mbps

nethogs

The nethogs command shows bandwidth usage by process, helping identify which applications consume the most network resources.

Example:

NetHogs version 0.8.6PID USER     PROGRAM                  SENT      RECEIVED127832 nemo   /usr/lib/firefox/firefox 11.120 KB/sec 432.207 KB/sec

ss

The ss command inspects and displays socket connections on a Linux system. It provides detailed information about listening sockets and their states.

Example:

$ ss -a -tState          Recv-Q       Send-Q    Local Address:Port  Peer Address:Port  ProcessLISTEN        0            4096       127.0.0.1:ipp     0.0.0.0:*

iftop

The iftop command provides a real-time view of bandwidth usage for various connections. It requires root privileges.

Example:

$ sudo iftop

ethtool

The ethtool command assesses and modifies network interface parameters, helping troubleshoot and optimize configurations.

Example:

$ ethtool --show-features wlp1s0Features for wlp1s0:tx-gso-partial: off [fixed]rx-checksumming: off [fixed]

Conclusion

These Linux commands offer various methods to assess connectivity and network performance effectively. Mastering them can provide valuable insights into network health and functionality.

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